Discover the history of the Fortress of San Juan de Ulúa

This is the story of San Juan de Ulúa Fortress in Mexico, an impenetrable stronghold.

An old stone fort wall with a small arched gateway and tropical palm trees near Camino Real Pedregal Mexico
Photo: Shutterstock

San Juan de Ulúa Fortress stands as a valuable historical emblem in the port of Veracruz, Mexico. This fortified complex has witnessed countless events throughout the centuries, from the arrival of Spanish colonizers to independence movements and defense against pirate incursions.

With a history spanning more than 500 years, San Juan de Ulúa tells the story of perseverance and resilience in Mexico’s historical evolution.

The beginnings: the arrival of the Spanish

San Juan de Ulúa Fortress has its roots in the arrival of Spanish colonizers to Mexican lands. In 1519, Hernán Cortés and his men disembarked on the island of San Juan de Ulúa, marking the beginning of the Conquest of Mexico.

This island became a strategic point to establish a base of operations in the region. It was here that Cortés decided to found Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, the first Spanish settlement in Mexican territory.

Historic stone fortress walls overlooking a busy harbor with large ships near Camino Real Pedregal Mexico
Photo: Shutterstock

The Conquest of Mexico

San Juan de Ulúa played a key role in the advance of the Conquest of Mexico, as it was from here that Spanish explorers set out to carry out missions in the Americas. The island also served as a refuge for Hernán Cortés in 1519 after facing rejection in Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec Empire. From San Juan de Ulúa, Cortés reorganized his forces and launched the successful offensive that led to the fall of Tenochtitlán in 1521.

During the colonial period, San Juan de Ulúa became one of the most powerful fortresses in the New World. The Spanish Crown recognized its strategic importance and built stone walls, moats, and watchtowers that made it practically impregnable.

The fortress played a crucial role in defending against pirate attacks, such as those led by Francis Drake and other corsairs in the 16th century.

The attack of Francis Drake

In 1586, San Juan de Ulúa’s history saw a remarkable episode led by the British corsair Francis Drake. Known for his maritime skills and daring, Drake managed to overcome the fortress’s defenses and captured the city of Veracruz.

Despite the city’s fall, San Juan de Ulúa itself held firm. The Spaniards, sheltered inside the fortress, kept fighting and eventually forced Drake to withdraw.

Although Drake had tactical success in Veracruz, San Juan de Ulúa remained under Spanish control, proving its strength and resilience.

Distant view of an old stone lighthouse tower on a fortress by the water near Camino Real Pedregal Mexico
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Mexico’s Independence

During Mexico’s fight for independence, San Juan de Ulúa once again played a central role. In 1825, Mexican insurgent forces, commanded by Antonio López de Santa Anna, besieged the fortress with the firm determination of capturing it at any cost. The siege lasted for months and turned into a fierce battle. Despite its deterioration, the fortress remained a formidable defense.

Finally, in 1825, the Spanish garrison surrendered, and San Juan de Ulúa came under Mexican control. This event marked a milestone in Mexico’s independence and underlined the fortress’s importance in history.

Throughout the 19th century, San Juan de Ulúa retained its historical significance, though its military role gradually diminished.

During the French intervention in the 1860s, the fortress was used as a prison for individuals involved in political matters. After the Mexican Revolution, it again served as a penitentiary for political prisoners and dissidents.

San Juan de Ulúa as a historical monument

Today, San Juan de Ulúa is an important historical monument and museum, allowing visitors to explore its rich past. The facilities have been restored and transformed into a landmark in Veracruz. Visitors can walk through its corridors and fortifications and learn about the pivotal events that took place here.

San Juan de Ulúa is a reminder of the determination of those who fought within and around its walls throughout the centuries. Its history stands as a testament to the strength of the Mexican nation and its ability to overcome challenges.

Silhouetted stone tower and fortress walls at sunset overlooking a harbor near Camino Real Pedregal Mexico
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Visit San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz

Located just 30 minutes from the fortress, Camino Real Veracruz is an excellent lodging option offering all the comforts you need for your trip.

Camino Real Veracruz stands out for its elegant architecture and luxury rooms. With its boomerang-shaped design, it offers open spaces to enjoy year-round, along with rooms boasting stunning sea views.

The services and amenities include a fully equipped gym, business center, and spacious event halls. The rooms feature marble floors, air conditioning, minibars, satellite TV, and private bathrooms with premium toiletries—all with ocean views.

Dining is a highlight, with two main restaurants: La Huerta, serving international cuisine for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and Sunday brunch, and La Vela, specializing in fresh seafood. Guests can also enjoy Token Café, offering hot beverages, snacks, sandwiches, wraps, and pizzas, as well as the Pool Bar with refreshing drinks and snacks by the pool.

Follow the official social media of Camino Real Veracruz on Instagram: @caminorealveracruz and Facebook: Camino.Real.Veracruz

Swim-up bar in a resort pool with colorful stools under a red roof canopy at Camino Real Pedregal Mexico
Photo: Camino Real Veracruz